High School and Republic High Books Essay Example for Free

High School and Republic High Books Essay Ms. P Andy Lau Argumentative Essay Censorship is the government is control the media, censorship can used to control or protect people. Some groups feel that books with objectionable material should be censored for many different reasons,such as sexual content,against a religion ,bad language,racism violence. I believe that books shouldn’t be censored because we have the right to read it,and it depends on your own personality. Therefore I intend to prove that the banning of books in schools is completely unjustified. In Fahrenheit 451,There is a old women in the story,she is willing to die to not leave her books. It shows that books are so important to us, and our society that she was willing to die rather than give them up,also the character Guy Montag is curious to read those books,she quitted his job for those books. In the article â€Å"You have insulted me â€Å" by kurt Vonnegut. He is angry because his books got burned by the school board. †That’s because people speak coarsely in real life†this shows people speak bad word in real life,so why can’t books have bad words. Both the article supports my opinion that book shouldn’t be banged from high school. †Two books pulled form Republic school library shelves†this article is two of the three Republic High books singled out in a public complaint last year will now removed from the school curriculum and library. Those three books are â€Å"Speak†by Laurie Halse Anderson. Kurt Vonnegut’s†Slaughterhouse Five†and Sarh Ockler’s â€Å"Twenty Boy Summer†. And they didn’t banned â€Å"Speak†because it didn’t describe sex so much,and it has a good message. Also they just banned those books in classroom,students can still read it in library and independence reading . The second article is talking about parents and school districts have debated what books are appropriate for a school library collection and what books should be banned. ACLU didn’t ban books because they say its against the First Amendment . also they said†You clearly can’t remove a book because you disagree with the ideas in them†,this shows books shouldn’t get banned . We have to see different face of books ,bad way and good way. I believe that books should not be censored because books can send us good messages and our imaginary . It also depends on your own personality,if we have a evil mind ,we could only see the evil thing in the books,if we are normal human,we suppose to able to learn something form books,so I am sure that banning of books in schools is completely unjustified.

Rail Transport Track

Rail Transport Track SLOVENIAN RAILORADS Rail transport Is the transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. A railway can be broken down into two major components. Basically these are the items which move, the locomotives, passenger carrying vehicles (coaches), freight carrying vehicles (goods wagons / freight cars) and those which are fixed, usually referred to as its infrastructure. This category includes the permanent way (tracks) and buildings (stations, freight facilities, viaducts and tunnels). The operation of the railway is through a system of control, originally by mechanical means, nowadays, in most places, electronic and computerised. The volume of traffic on the line dictates the number of tracks required for its operation. These consist of short stretches of double track which allow trains to pass each another. Alternatively, and particularly on freight lines, there may be longer sections of the line that are double track. These sections must be able to accommodate the longest train which normally works on t hat line. Effective traffic control is carried out by a token system. where only one token is available for each single line section. Originally this token was physically exchanged between signalman and driver, later by mechanical means using a device on the locomotive cab side whilst nowadays this system has largely been replaced by an electronic system. The development path of Slovenske Ã… ¾eleznice leads us past old Austria, which Slovenia formed part of until 1918, when Slovenians could witness the start and flourishing of railways in their country. Therefore, the table unavoidably contains major events from the histories of both Austrian and Slovenian railways. Infrastructure Transport corridors Because of political and economical co-operation between European countries after 1990, the need emerged to design a trans-European transport network including all types of transport and to join all European countries by 2010. In railway transport, the network is composed of ten trans-European corridors: 5th corridor and 10th corridor Types of railway track Railway tracks are divided into main and local tracks. They are also divided by the number of tracks. One of them are one-track rails (trains use the same track for both directions) and the others are two-track rails (each track is used for train traffic in a certain direction. Superlatives and statistic dates In terms of the length of the lines and its infrastructure, it is difficult to compare Slovenian railroad with other railway in Europe. However, given Slovenias geographical variety our lines involve some interesting information. Some of those are: The steepest line is from PrvaÄ ina to Ã…  tanjel, the highest railway station is 582 above see level and the lowest is in Koper only 3 m above see level. The longest bridge is in Novo mesto (575 m). The highest bridge is in Most na SoÄ i which is 30 m high. The oldest line is form Ã…  entilj to Celje which was bild on 2 June 1846. Some statistics dates for Slovenian railway: The length of all lines of railway is 1228,6 km. There number of viaducts and culverts is 3.181 and there length is 13,1 km. There are also 93 tunnels and galleries and there length together is 37,3 km. In Slovenia we also have 128 stations, 11 of them are only for freight transport, 10 for passenger transport and 107 for combined transport. International transport In Slovenia passenger transportation is not as important as cargo transportation. That is especially because the trains in Slovenia are slow, uncomfortable, and quite old. Luka Koper is a very important factor for railways and the international transport in Slovenia. Cargo arrives to Slovenia by see and in the harbor it is unloaded of ships and it continues its way mostly by railways to countries like: Austria, Slovakia, Hungary,†¦ In Slovenia the biggest percent of passengers represent the students. And that is especially because of their economical condition. But in many countries across the Europe the trains travel with speeds up to 300 km/hour, are much more punctual, comfortable and also cheep. Slovenia has a direct railway connection with some of those countries. From Ljubljana it is possible to travel to some of European countries. TICKETS AND DISCOUNTS There are a lot of different kinds of tickets and discounts. Different companies give discount to different passengers. Mostly yang people to the age 26 have discounts, and also children and elderly. Some railway companies give discount also to larger groups. SLEEPING CARS AND COUCHETTES Because travelling abroad usually means that journeys will be long, passengers have a possibility to decide for sleeping cars or couchettes. Usually that is possible if the departure is at night. The advantage for travelling with night trains is that you are well-rested, because you are able to get some sleep. Night trains are very convenient if you travel from one city to a another city and you have a byssi schedule. TRANSPORTING CARS AND ANIMALS Cars and bicycles can be transported to trains, but only on certain stations, and at certain time. Cars must not be to high or to heavy. Reservations for cars must be made early enough, and you must be there early enough to load the vehicles. Animals can also be transported, but only smaller animals. The owners are fully responsible for their pet. But the animal must not disturb other passengers. Inland transport 1. DISCOUNTS: Special discounts have children and youth, the elderly and pensioners, families, bigger groups, groups of young people, groups of children,†¦ 2. TYPES OF TICKETS; One way: They sell one-way tickets for all types of trains, for all days of the week, up to two months in advance. Return: They sell return tickets for all types of trains, for all days of the week, up to two months in advance. School: For primary school pupils, secondary school pupils, apprentices and students of college and university programmes, for daily journeys from the place of ones residence to the place of schooling or of performing obligatory practice, and back. Semi-annual, Annual and Monthly: All passengers can buy tickets, whereas student tickets are reserved for pupils, students and apprentices upon submitting the appropriate evidence (certificate or application). Flat rate: For those wishing to travel on all lines of Slovenske Ã… ¾eleznice on all types of trains, first or second class. Slovenian Rail Pass: Slovenian Rail Pass is valid for an unlimited number of journies in Slovenia within 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 successive days. It is intended for  persons, who do not live in Slovenia. 3. WAGON OR TRAIN RENTAL-it is possible to rent special wagons attached to regular trains or even an entire special train. A special wagon must be ordered at least 8 days in advance and a special train at least 15 days in advance. 4. TRAIN AND BUS Combined Train Bus Ticket Combined train bus tickets (weekly and monthly tickets), in co-operation between Slovenian Railways and KAM-BUS since 1996, are available for the Ljubljana-Kamnik line.

Infective Endocarditis Caused by Viridans Streptococci

Infective Endocarditis Caused by Viridans Streptococci Case Study 1: Infective endocarditis caused by viridans streptococci Case Study 2: Haemorrhagic fever caused by Ebolavirus Case Study 1 Subject is a 48-year-old man with a history of mitral valve regurgitation who presents with a 10-day history of fatigue, fever and general malaise. Some reddish lesions are noted on his palm, which he has never noticed before. He denies any cough, but has mild new shortness of breath with exertion and with lying down flat at night in bed. He is generally in good health except for a root canal operation approximately 3 weeks previously. The history of mitral valve regurgitation is thought to be secondary to rheumatic fever as a child. Heart examination is notable for a loud systolic murmur best heard at the left sternal border with radiation over to the axilla. Lungs are clear and abdominal examination is normal. Skin examination is significant for several scattered reddish lesions over his palms and soles that are not painful when pressure is applied. Lab tests: Blood count shows WBC 14.8 with 86% neutrophils; blood cultures grew out gram-positive cocci in chains that are alpha haemolytic on horse blood agar. Evidence for Diagnosis Mitral valve regurgitation would account for the fatigue, and also the shortness of breath in the patient, however other symptoms are present that this alone cannot explain. The first of these is the fever suffered by the patient, which would signify an infection. The second is the presence of lesions on the palms and soles; Petechiae such as these, known as Janeway lesions, are an indicator of endocarditis (O’Connor, 2002), and the patient’s history of mitral valve regurgitation, along with a recent history of root canal work confirm that this is a likely diagnosis. The lungs and abdomen of the patient are clear, as would be expected in a case of endocarditis, however examination of the heart sounds displayed a clear murmer. The patient’s blood results showed clear signs of infection, with leukocytosis and elevated neutrophil count. The bacteria cultured from the patient’s blood can be easily identified as Streptococci, and since this is known to be a cau sative organism of endocarditis (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197), it makes the diagnosis very likely. Further Testing Required While the diagnosis in this case should be straight forward due to bacteraemia and presence of peripheral stigmata, according to the Duke criteria, which is used as a tool for diagnosis of infective endocarditis, this patient would be classified as having only possible infective endocarditis. As they display some of the necessary pathologic and clinical criteria, they would need further tests to determine if it was definitely infective endocarditis (Li et al., 2000). The Duke Criteria was developed by Durack et al. (1994) as a means of better distinguishing infective endocarditis from other causes of cardiac problems; these were evaluated as being superior to previous methods for diagnosis (Bayer et al., 1994)(Cecchi et al., 1997)(Hoen et al., 1995) The criteria have been used since, though there have been studies done into improving the criteria further. According to these criteria, the patient’s diagnosis could be confirmed by carrying out other tests such as an ECG, echocar diogram, and chest x-ray, to exclude other possible cardiac problems. However, the patient would also meet two major criteria, and therefore be classified as definite infective endocarditis if two further cultures of blood grew causative bacteria. While the most likely causative organism is viridans streptococci, as Streptococcus pneumonia is more commonly associated with bacterial pneumonia or meningitis, the two can be differentiated quite simply by testing with optochin. S. pneumonia are susceptible to this microbial agent, where viridans streptococci are resistant. Suspending the bacteria in bile salts would also provide a suitable distinction, as S. pneumonia would lyse, where viridans streptococci are insoluble (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197). Endocarditis as a result of streptococcal infection Microbiology Many textbooks, and in fact some journal articles refer to the group of streptococci which cause endocarditis by the name Streptococcus viridans, however this is actually a misnomer, as the viridans streptococci are actually a group of several different bacteria, and are referred to as viridans simply because they produce a green halo when grown on blood agar (Elliott et al., 1997, pp.30-1). Viridans streptococci are often found resident in abundance in the mouth, where they are usually commensal, or cause only mild infections; once in the blood stream, these usually passive bacteria can become pathogenic, and lead to endocarditis upon reaching the heart (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197). The bacteria are able to proliferate in structurally abnormal valve surfaces and gradually lead to the destruction of the valves, resulting in regurgitation (O’Connor, 2002). Those valves damaged by rheumatic fever are particularly prone to infection (Heritage, Evans and Killington, 1999, p.185). Symptoms The physical symptoms suffered by the patient are a result of the body’s response to the infection; the fever and general malaise suffered by the patient would be as a result of cytokine generation from the low-grade infection, and the petechiae in the skin, known as Janeway lesions, are the result of immune complexes being deposited in small vessels there (O’Connor, 2002). Prophylaxis Any patient, such as the one here, assessed from their previous medical history to be at risk from endocarditis, should be given prophylactic treatment before undergoing invasive dental surgery. The current guidelines outlined by Ramsdale et al. (2004) recommend amoxicillin for this purpose, or clindamycin for those allergic to penicillin. This particular patient would only be considered a moderate risk according to the new guidelines, so there would be no need for gentamicin, however those considered at high risk would be given this intravenously in addition to IV amoxicillin/clindamycin. Treatment A combination of penicillin and gentamicin are used to treat streptococcal endocarditis. While studies have found that there is only a limited resistance to penicillin in sufferers at present, vancomycin can be used a viable alternative in those allergic to penicillin and those with more resistant strains (Johnson et al., 2001). For those who do not respond to antimicrobial treatment, surgery is often a viable option, replacing the infected valves. While not always successful, this offers an improved prognosis for those where other treatment is unsuccessful (Moon et al., 1997). Prognosis If left untreated, infective endocarditis is always fatal, as the destruction of a valve will prevent the heart from working. Even if treated, the disease carries a high morbidity and mortality rate. The factors which impact strongest on prognosis are uncontrolled infection and congestive heart failure. It is for this reason that early diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment is necessary. However, constant improvements in surgical procedures are leading to a better prognosis for those not responding to treatment (Karth et al., 2002). It could be reasoned that these advances in surgery will become even more important in prognosis as incidences of antimicrobial resistance increase, which is surely inevitable judging by trends in other bacterial infections such as Staphylococcus aureus. Case Study 4 A 34-year-old woman researcher studying chimpanzee behaviour in the Ivory Coast found several of the animals were dying. She dissected one several hours after it died and found that it had died of haemorrhage, and had non-clotting blood. She wore household gloves, but no mask or gown during the dissection. Eight days later she developed a fever and headache, which did not respond to malaria treatment. Five days into her illness, she developed vomiting, diarrhoea, a rash, and renal failure. Antibiotics did not improve her condition and she was transported home in isolation. The patient is lethargic but communicative. She has lymphadenopathy. Her lung exam is normal. She has a mildly tender and enlarged liver and spleen. Lab tests: She has a white blood cell count of 3.6, haematocrit of 40, and low platelets of 83. She has a low fibrinogen of 0.8. Her clotting times are normal, however. Serological tests for anthrax, dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Marburg virus, Rift Valley fever, Lassa fever, and Hantavirus are all negative. Evidence for Diagnosis The history of the patient suggests that she is suffering from something that has arisen from her contact with an infected chimpanzee. While a number of zoonotic diseases are known to be prevalent in the African continent, the majority of those have already been ruled out by negative test results. One which has not is the Ebolavirus, which gives rise to Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Transmission of the Ebolavirus from dead animals has been documented in the past, including in the Ivory Coast (WHO, 2004; CDC, 2005). The onset of the patient’s symptoms fits with the known timescale for the Ebolavirus of 2 to 21 days; the fever and headache which she experienced are classic symptoms. Later in the disease sufferers also usually develop diarrhoea, vomiting, and possibly a rash (CDC, 2005). It would obviously be expected that antibiotics would bring no improvement to the illness, as the infection is viral. In a physical examination, it would be expected that a patient infected with Ebolavirus would have an enlarged liver and spleen, as this is where virus replication is particularly proliferant. Sanchez et al. (2004) also specifies the lungs as also being one of the main sites of virus replication, implying that the patient should be suffering from tenderness of the lungs also, however this evidence is taken from studies into the Sudan strain of Ebolavirus, and this is much more likely to be the Ivory Coast strain, so some symptoms may differ. In the laboratory examination, it is expected to see a normal haemocrit, accompanied by leucopenia and thrombocytopenia as displayed in the patient. It would be usual for the clotting time to be shortened, however this patient has low levels of fibrinogen, possibly due to some secondary cause, which may alter the clotting time, making it higher than expected. Further Testing Required While virus isolation, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-PCR, antigen capture ELISA, and IgG or IgM antibody capture ELISA can all been used to show Ebolavirus as the causitive agent, there are conflicting reports over which techniques are preferable for use. The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2005) suggest that in a patient at this stage of the disease, testing should be carried out for IgM and IgG antibodies, Kurosaki et al. (2006) and Towner et al. (2004) recommend RT-PCR as the most efficient technique. Ebolavirus Aetiology Ebola belongs to the filoviruses or Filoviridae, which is divided into two genera, the Ebolavirus and the Marburgvirus. The Ebolavirus genus is split into four separate species: Ivory Coast ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus and Reston ebolavirus (Hensley et al., 2005). While the disease is zoonotic, the natural reservoir of the disease is not non-human primates; the actual reservoir and the mode of transition into apes is so far unknown, although studies are currently being undertaken on the suggestion that bats may play a role. Transmission into humans is rare, and is often one isolated case (Peterson et al., 2004), although if the proper precautions are not taken it is possible for the disease to spread in the human population. Epidemiology The disease has appeared sporadically since its initial recognition in 1976, and has occurred only in specific geographical areas as per the names of the different strains (CDC, 2005). It is generally agreed that the virus is transmitted via direct contact with the blood or bodily secretions from another infected person (Dowell et al., 1999; WHO, 2004), due to the extensive viral involvement in the subcutaneous tissue (Peters, 2005). It is believed that this is also the case among non-human primates, such as the chimpanzees, although this is so far unconfirmed (CDC, 2005). In laboratory studies, the virus has shown the ability to be spread via aerosol between rhesus monkeys (Johnson et al., 1995), and while some authors such as Heeney (2006) list the virus as being aerosol, there have so far been no such documented cases in a real-world setting between humans (CDC, 2005; Dowell et al., 1999). Symptoms The World Health Organisation (2004) lists the main symptoms of the Ebolavirus as being a sudden onset of fever, accompanied by intense weakness and muscle pain, headaches and a sore throat. After a few days this is followed by vomiting and diarrhoea, rashes, liver and kidney dysfunction and sometimes also both internal and external bleeding. Pathogenesis The pathogenesis of Ebolavirus is currently very hard to study, due to the rarity of occurrences in humans, and also due to the dangerous nature of collecting, storing and analysing samples from those cases. The illness is severe due to the ability of the virus to supress both adaptive and innate immune responses, and the ability to cause extreme inflammatory responses and intravascular coagulation (Mahanty and Bray, 2004). At the current time it is thought that monocytes and macrophages in the body are infected during the early stages of the virus, and these then carry the virus to other areas (Sanchez et al., 2004). The infected monocytes express large amounts of tissue factor, leading to intravascular coagulation, and causing tissue damage. Infected macrophages secrete cytokines which cause apoptosis of lymphocytes in tissues that are required for the acquired immune response (Peters, 2005), hence the presence of leucopenia in blood count results. The mobile infected cells carry the viral agent to lymph nodes, where the virus further replicates and is spread through the body. Upon reaching the liver, spleen and other tissues, parenchymal cells, including hepatocytes and adrenal cortical cells will become infected (Mahanty and Bray, 2004). This is what leads to the enlarged organs, and will also result in an increase in the levels of liver enzymes in the blood. Prophylaxis and Treatment Some progress has been made in the formation of vaccines, and these have proved successful in testing on non-human primates (Hensley et al., 2005). However other sources report that all attempts so far have met with outright failure (Peters, 2005). Barrier nursing techniques appear to be effective in preventing the spread of the disease (Dowell et al., 1999; Formenty et al., 1999). Prognosis The Zaire strain of Ebolavirus is reportedly the most lethal (Mahanty and Bray, 2004); there is only one reported case of a human contracting the Ivory Coast strain, presenting similarly to the patient, and they survived (Formenty et al., 1999). It is very difficult to form an accurate prognosis however due to the limited results on which to base it. References Bayer A.S., Ward J.I., Ginzton L.E. and Shapiro S.M. (1994) Evaluation of new clinical criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. American Journal of Medicine, 96 (3), pp.220-2 Brooks G.F., Butel J.S. and Morse S.A. (2004) Medical Microbiology 23rd Edition. McGraw-Hill, p.197 CDC (2005) Centres for Disease Control and Prevention [online]- November 18, 2005.- available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola/qa.htm [cited February 2, 2007] Cecchi E., Parrini I., Chinaglia A., Pomari F., Brusasco G., Bobbio M., Trinchero R. and Brusca A. (1997) New diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis. A study of sensitivity and specificity Eureopean Heart Journal, 18 (7), pp. 1149-56 Dowell S. F., Mukunu R., Ksiazek T. G., Khan A. S., Rollin P. E. and Peters C. J. (1999) Transmission of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: A study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. Journal of Infectious Disease, 179 Suppl. 1, pp. S87-S91 Durack D.T., Lukes A.S. and Bright D.K. (1994) New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings, American Journal of Medicine, 96 (3), pp. 200-9 Elliott M., Hastings U., Desselberger R. and Reid G. (1997) Lecture Notes on Medical Microbiology Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, pp.30-1 Formenty P., Hatz C., Le Guenno B., Stoll A., Rogenmoser P. and Widmer A. (1999) Human infection due to Ebola virus, subtype Cote dIvoire: Clinical and biologic presentation. Journal of Infectious Diease, 179 Suppl. 1, pp.S48-S53 Heeney J.L. (2006) Zoonotic viral diseases and the frontier of early diagnosis, control and prevention. Journal of Internal Medicine, 260, pp. 399-408 Hensley L., Jones S., Feldmann H., Jahrling P. and Geisbert T. (2005) Ebola and Marburg viruses: Pathogenesis and development of countermeasures. Current Molecular Medicine, 5, pp. 761 772 Heritage J., Evans E.G.V. and Killington R.A. (1999) Microbiology in Action. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 185 Hoen B., Selton-Suty C., Danchin N., Weber M., Villemot J.P., Mathieu P., Floquet J. and Canton P. (1995) Evaluation of the Duke criteria versus the Beth Israel criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clinical Infectious Disease,21 (4), pp. 905-9 Johnson A.P. [et al.] (2001) Antibiotic susceptibility of streptococci and related genera causing endocarditis: analysis of UK reference laboratory referrals, January 1996 to March 2000. BMJ, 322, p. 7283 Johnson E., Jaax N., White J. and Jahrling P. (1995) Lethal experimental infections of rhesus monkeys by aerosolized Ebola virus. International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 76 (4), pp. 227-236 Karth G.D. [et al.] (2002) Complicated infective endocarditis necessitating ICU admission clinical course and prognosis. Critical Care, 6 (2), pp. 149 154 Kurosaki Y., Takada A., Ebihara H., Grolla A., Kamo N., Feldmann H., Kawaoka Y. and Yasuda J. (2006) Rapid and simple detection of Ebola virus by reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Journal of Virological Methods, doi: 10.1016. Li J.S., Sexton D.J., Mick N., Nettles R., Fowler V.G., Ryan T., Bashore T. and Corey G.R. (2000) Proposed modifications to the Duke Criteria for the diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis. Clinical Infectious Disease, 30, pp.633-638 Mahanty S. and Bray M. (2004) Pathogenesis of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers. The Lancet, 4 (8) pp. 487-498 Moon M.R., Stinson E.B. and Miller D.C. (1997) Surgical treatment of endocarditis. Progress in Cardiovascular Diease, 40 (3) pp. 239-64 OConnor D. (2002) Pathology. Elsevier Health Sciences Peters C. J. (2005) Marburg and Ebola Arming ourselves against the deadly filoviruses. New England Journal of Medicine, 325 (25), pp. 2571-2573. Peterson A.T., Bauer J.T. and Mills J.N. (2004) Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease. Emerging Infectious Dieases, 10 (1), pp. 40-7. Ramsdale D.R. et al (2004) Dental aspects of Endocarditis Prophylaxis : New Recommendations from a Working Group of the British Cardiac Society Clinical Practice Committee and Royal College of Physicians Clinical Effectiveness and Evaluation Unit [Report]: Working Group of the British Cardiac Society Clinical Practice Committee and Royal College of Physicians Clinical Effectiveness and Evaluation, 19 April 2004. Sanchez A., Lukwiya M., Bausch D., Manharty S., Sanchez A., Wagoner K. and Rollin P. (2004) Analysis of human peripheral blood samples from fatal and nonfatl cases of Ebola (Sudan) haemorrhagic fever: Cellular responses, virus oad and nitric oxide levels. Journal of Virology, 78 (19), pp.10370-10377. Towner J.S. [et al.] (2004) Rapid diagnosis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever by reverse transcription-PCR in an outbreak setting and assessment of patient viral load as a predictor of outcome. Journal of Virology, 78 (8), pp. 4330-4341 WHO (2005) World Health Organisation Ebola Factsheet [Online]available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/index.html [cited February 2, 2007]

Negative Effects of Technology Essay -- Technology: The Devil in Disgu

â€Å"Technology is a queer thing. It brings you great gifts with one hand and it stabs you in the back with the other.† Charles Percy Snow (Technology Quotes). Technology is undoubtedly helpful but it is causing some major issues in today’s generation of children and teenagers. Being addicted to a Play Station, constantly texting, posting on Facebook; that is exactly what most all children and teenagers do for many hours a day every single day of their secluded lives. These addictions are ridiculously unhealthy. Why is it okay for this generation of people to be connected, yet unconnected at the same time? When it comes to the latest drama on Twitter, everyone is connected. However, when it comes to family time and talking to each other at the dinner table instead of texting or instant messaging, it’s an unconnected mess! Modern technology is definitely not the best thing going in this world today. Nobody knows how to connect without it anymore and it's scary, dreadfully scary. Video games have been proven to be cause problems with childrens’ brains. Gaming systems such as Play Stations, X Boxes, Game Cubes, and Nintendos are causing children to completely unravel what was once important to them; family time. In the documentary Digital Nation, a little Korean boy was one of the examples used. He was disturbingly addicted to his computer and video games. His mother admitted that he is progressively getting worse. He sits behind the controller of his animated worlds for many hours every day, only pausing to eat, and even then it’s only momentarily. He gets up long enough to sit at the dinner table and eat and then he gets right up and goes directly back to his secluded fantasy world. He does not even acknowledge that his mo... ... of the world; don’t rely on technology so much! Works Cited Digital Nation. Dir. Rachel Pretzin. PBS, 2010. Documentary.ï » ¿ "Technology Quotes." Your Dictionary. LoveToKnow, Corp., 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. "Top Ten Negative Effects of Video Games on Children." Addiction Blog. Addiction Blog, 21 Feb. 2009. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. . "Texting and Driving Deadly for Teens." Mom Logic. GNH Productions, Inc., 18 Aug. 2008. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. . "Car Acccident Cell Phone Statistics." Edgar Snyder and Associates. Law Offices of Edgar Snyder and Associates, 2009. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. .

Formalistic Reading of Sens New York Times :: Sudeep Sen

Sudeep Sen’s â€Å"New York Times† basically deals with a strong sense of life in New York. This poem consists of thirty lines altogether in six stanzas, depicting a clear description of one’s every day life at a fast pace in the first four stanzas and gradually mellows down to a slower motion, where reflection manages to take place. From the first sentence itself, â€Å"Every morning in relentless hurry, I scurry/† there is the sense of hurriedness and swiftness as if â€Å"I† is in a rat race. â€Å"Scurry† is normally associated with rats, always scamper and in a rush all the time. Readers have a dramatic image of the fast events that are happening to the persona. This can be witnessed through the â€Å"spilled coffee† indicating the lack of time to even stop for a sip of drink or breakfast. In New York, time does not stand still. Since every moment passes in a fast manner, the persona doesn’t even realise â€Å"it’s lunch time, and then,/ evening, late,/ being herded home †¦Ã¢â‚¬  mechanically as if he has lost control of his own life. Besides the dictions chosen, Sen uses less punctuation in each line of the first four stanzas to represent the quickness and the rapidity of the persona in the midst of New York City. Sen also utilises the idea of illusion in his dictions to indicate the speed of the people in this city. This can be seen in line 17, â€Å"where walking means/ running, driving means speeding,/† and since time passes in a wink of an eye, persona couldn’t even remember the days in the weekend as Sen states in line 14 – 17, â€Å"In this city, I/ count the passage of time only by weekends/ linked by five-day flashes I don’t/ even remember.† Everybody seems to be â€Å"speeding in the subway of mute faces/†. Being busy in the city, has transformed people to be so automated, mechanical person with their â€Å"mute faces†, no one cares to say hi to each other or even to smile to the person sitting next to you. However, in the last line of the fourth stanza, â€Å"But somewhere, somehow, times takes its toll,/† is seen as the turning point in this poem. This sentence is depicting the reflection as if the persona stops to think for a moment. Formalistic Reading of Sen's New York Times :: Sudeep Sen Sudeep Sen’s â€Å"New York Times† basically deals with a strong sense of life in New York. This poem consists of thirty lines altogether in six stanzas, depicting a clear description of one’s every day life at a fast pace in the first four stanzas and gradually mellows down to a slower motion, where reflection manages to take place. From the first sentence itself, â€Å"Every morning in relentless hurry, I scurry/† there is the sense of hurriedness and swiftness as if â€Å"I† is in a rat race. â€Å"Scurry† is normally associated with rats, always scamper and in a rush all the time. Readers have a dramatic image of the fast events that are happening to the persona. This can be witnessed through the â€Å"spilled coffee† indicating the lack of time to even stop for a sip of drink or breakfast. In New York, time does not stand still. Since every moment passes in a fast manner, the persona doesn’t even realise â€Å"it’s lunch time, and then,/ evening, late,/ being herded home †¦Ã¢â‚¬  mechanically as if he has lost control of his own life. Besides the dictions chosen, Sen uses less punctuation in each line of the first four stanzas to represent the quickness and the rapidity of the persona in the midst of New York City. Sen also utilises the idea of illusion in his dictions to indicate the speed of the people in this city. This can be seen in line 17, â€Å"where walking means/ running, driving means speeding,/† and since time passes in a wink of an eye, persona couldn’t even remember the days in the weekend as Sen states in line 14 – 17, â€Å"In this city, I/ count the passage of time only by weekends/ linked by five-day flashes I don’t/ even remember.† Everybody seems to be â€Å"speeding in the subway of mute faces/†. Being busy in the city, has transformed people to be so automated, mechanical person with their â€Å"mute faces†, no one cares to say hi to each other or even to smile to the person sitting next to you. However, in the last line of the fourth stanza, â€Å"But somewhere, somehow, times takes its toll,/† is seen as the turning point in this poem. This sentence is depicting the reflection as if the persona stops to think for a moment.

Political and social changes in Rome as a result of the wars

The most obvious were the increased role of the senate, the influx of wealth that arrived in Rome and the introduction of Hellenize. It is believed that these changes were not just the beginnings of the downfall of the republic, but of the entire Roman Empire. Indeed, Assault, writing in the first century BC states that although â€Å"every land and sea lay open to her. It was then that fortune turned unkind and confounded all her enterprises. The senate was already a powerful body in Romeos government, these events, forever greatly increased its power. Constitutionally, the senate was an advisory body; the Alex Horniness, passed in 287, gave the power to make decisions to the Continuum Plebes. In practice, however, the senate was the governing body of Rome and It ruled unchallenged throughout the second century. This power was obtained through Its successful control over Romeos wars of expansion. In fact, the crisis caused by the Second Punic War helped the senate's rise to power m ore than any other single factor.The senate consisted of ex-magistrates who had an enormous amount of experience in government. These senators took control of Rome and showed real leadership, particularly after Canaan. They provided loans, slaves for the army and food and arms, thus ending the war successfully and increasing their prestige. The Influence the senate held over the magistrates was another factor In their Increased power. Even though Roman magistrates were not obliged to seek or follow the senate's advice, they would usually submit all important issues to the senate before showing them to the assemblies.The senators would have been able to keep a tight control on the actions of the magistrates even if they didn't volunteer heir plans. The senate could find another magistrate to veto any unsatisfactory motion they put forward. The Alex Villa Annalist was passed in 181 as a check on any over-ambitious magistrate, It gave the senate the power to control the actions of cons uls and procrastinates such as Gossip Africans who ruled unchallenged in Spain for 10 years.The influx of wealth that arrived in Rome led to the deterioration of traditional values. The booty and riches from the successful wars against Hannibal and Macedonia allowed the upper classes to spend lavishly on food, houses, works of art and other expensive goods. This led to a gradual decline In morals as their wealth led to increased greed and laziness. The upper classes â€Å"treated their wealth as a mere plaything† according to Assault.There were attempts from the conservative faction of the senate, specifically from Coat the Elder, to limit the extravagance of the ruling classes. The laws they put in place were, however, very difficult to enforce and, unsurprisingly, quite unpopular. An example of this is the Poplar law which was passed In 215. It attempted to restrict the amount of Jewelry and expensive clothing o the civilized society he expected of Rome, especially during o ne of the most taxing wars in Romeos history.As the nobles of Rome competed for popularity among the masses, they poured more and more money into the public games. This is another example of the deterioration of the moss moratorium as the new events became more violent and brutal, this had an adverse affect on the character of those who watched them. The money that flowed into Rome as a result of these wars was therefore a huge factor in the deterioration of the traditional Roman way of life. The wars with Greece exposed the Romans to the cultural influences of the Hellenic world.Perhaps the most important outcome of the wars of expansion was the introduction of Hellenize to Rome, the extent to which the Romans were affected by the Greeks is shown in the writing of Horace who states that â€Å"captive Greece had captivated her barbarous conqueror†. Greek culture influenced many things about Roman daily life but the most predominant aspects were religion and education and the reaction to those changes was twofold. Plutarch says that many upper class citizens were happy to see their sons educated in Greek culture and religion, two of these philistines were Gossip Africans and Flamingos.The conservatives, such as Coat, were worried that the ambitions of the younger generations were tainted by Greek learning and that their new ideas would undermine the existing customs in Rome. The result was a widespread blend of traditional Roman values and the new Hellenic ideas which produced a Graces-Roman society. The wars of expansion were a massive event in shaping the political and social structure of Rome. This is shown through the increase in the power of the senate, the influx of wealth that flowed into Rome and the introduction of Hellenize to Roman society.

Determinants Study Essay

Introduction â€Å"To Be on not to Be, that is the question,† a famous quote from Shakespeare poem Hamlet. My niece is interested in attending medical school and has solicited my professional opinion on whether it would be economical feasible for her to attend medical school and if so, the best location to practice medicine. There are many variables in determining the maximum benefit and/or advantages of medical school. Such variables could include but not limited to, gender, ethnicity, tuition, locations, schools, specialties, etc. This paper will touch on the advantages as well as some barriers which may countersuit some of the advantages to form a concise recommendation to my niece on whether becoming a physician is economically and socially a good profession in which she should pursue. Demand Determinants The demand determinants for this case will feature definition of the market and the availability of close substitutes. These two determinants were chosen because the market for medical school can pose many qu4estions, however, narrowing down the most compatible choice is essential in obtaining the value of becoming a physician. The article â€Å"Is Being a Doctor Worth it Financial? Not as much as you may Think,† will help us break down the demand determinant of availability of close substitutes. This article goes to analyze the author’s question on whether if it is worth becoming a physician. To determine the author’s answer, she compared the salary of a doctor to one of an average college graduate. In real numbers, not to say  that these numbers are of current market value, but for the sake of this paper, the author states that a graduate can earn an income of $40,000.00, minus after-tax deduction; this graduate will take home $30,000.00 a year. A resident af ter medical school and for the next three years can expect to make about $40,000.00 a year. However, after the three years, a doctor can expect to make $150,000.00 a year as a family practitioner, which after taxes (approximately 33%), a take home pay annually for a family practitioner doctor is $100,000.00. To amortize the cost of medical school and the amount of one’s yearly income, it is predicted that to find the financial gain of a physician oppose to someone who received a four-year degree, a person will have to wait 13 years to see the financial advantage of going to medical school after all variables have been computed. In relative to years, a college graduate without medical school will graduate at the age of 22, however, one will not see financial relief until the age of 35 if continued on to a medical degree. To end this assumption of is becoming a doctor is financially feasible, the answer will be yes, however, the return will be much farther in one’s career. But do take into account that a doctor will have to work much harder and longer hours, approximately 60 plus hours a week oppose to someone who generally will work between 35-40 hours a week. The maintenance of a doctor is continuing medical education to stay abreast of the latest and most up-to-date techno logy, inventions, and advancements. If a physician choose a specialty (which in my opinion is highly recommended), one will have to recertify for board exams every 7 -10 years. Lastly, retirement age which is typically 65 years old will not be unit the age of around 75 for a physician. Job security, however, will be in a doctor’s favor because the shortage as of right not for doctors, especially for primary care physicians will keep a doctor employed. This aspect explains the demand determinant of the definition of the market. The market in this text is saying the specialty of a primary care physician is in high demand. The author of the article calculated a $600,000 gain to be a doctor oppose to another profession which only needed a four-year degree. Moreover, the price elasticity for becoming a doctor as this article relates is that to determine the value of a physician’s income/net gain oppose to a four-year degree income is contingent upon one’s specialty. The demand for a physician will increase as the shortage for doctors decrease to help care  for the needs of American’s growing population whom is also living longer. The locations, especially rural areas will demand the need for more physicians. The need for a primary care physician is greater than the need for a family practitioner. To perform the midpoint formula, the following fictional number will exhibit the value of becoming a physician. Midpoint elasticity = (B2-B1)/(B2+B1)/2 à · (A2-A1)/(A2+A1)/2: the number we will use the amount of patients needed for a physician. The average number from the beginning and the ending number of patients needing a physician in a rural area is 75 or (50+100)/2, so if the number of patients increases, the formula will read (100-50)/50 will give us 50/50, or 100%. However, if the patients decrease the formula will read (50-100)/100 which will be -50/100, or -50%. The midpoint value will be (100-50)/75 or 50/75 which will equal to a percent change of 66.67%. Supply Determinants Becoming a doctor while analyzing the supply demands of the profession can be determine by the price the input prices, technology and the expectations. The price can be determined by the cost of medical school. According to the article â€Å"Medical School at $278,000 Means Even Bernanke Son Has Debt,† published by Bloomberg, the average debt of a medical student who finances his or her education through private and government loans is between $207,868 and $278,455. However, the article also states that the supply of doctors will be less than the demand due to a shortage that is forecast to happen by 2025. This makes the supply inelastic because we will face more patients in need of a physician than we have physicians. The shortage is reportedly more than 130,000 physicians to the more than 32 million American that will be receiving healthcare (Bloomberg, 2014). This type of debt can price out minorities and women who have interests in pursuing the idea of attending medical sc hool. Such and enormous debt can discourage someone to think elsewhere as far as becoming a doctor. African Americans typically leave medical school owing loans on the average of $184,125. However, the price of medical school or even a lucrative salary cannot be the sole determinant of why one chooses the profession of a doctor. A study, coming from the article â€Å"African American Female Physicians in South Caroline: Role Models and Career Satisfaction,† outlined results from 132 African  American female physicians with 62 responding answering why they choose to practice medicine. The majority of the respondent stated they went to medical school for altruistic reasons, in addition to having a high interest in the positive challenges and opportunities practicing medicine presence. Another reason the respondents gave in the survey stated that there were other external reasons that influenced their decisions and that was the impact their family, teachers and childhood upbringings. Moreover, the study also revealed that most African American women shared the same desires as white female physicians. Lastly the study stated that the dissatisfying component of the respondents dislikes of being a doctor was managed care, time demands and paper work. (McFarland, F., Smith, J., West, A., & Rhoades, R., 2000). In essence, one’s gender and/or ethnicity one will have to analyze the explicit cost of what it takes to obtain a medical degree. One must incorporate the tuition, room & board, books, practical exams, etc., whereas the implicit cost will be calculating the interest rates of government and private loans. However, becoming a physician even with student loan debt, one can apply the theory of profit maximization because the return over time will far exceed the debt that was incurred. This theory also allows a medical student to actualize that there will be a normal profit as well as an economic profit because one would have covered the implicit and explicit cost to obtain the accounting profit, but will reach far above monetary return to achieve the economic profit once the loans have been repaid. As stated earlier, over a period of time, a physician will make approximately $600,000 over the course of his or her career than a four-year graduate. The below graph is illustrating the supply of physicians to the number of patients that need care. Recommendation In conclusion, my advice to my niece would be to follow her heart and desire as obtaining a medical degree will far exceed the satisfaction of serving people than the income and time spent. However, to quantify the return on the education of a medical degree, will yield a positive return, but not immediately, over time. Through the law of demand she will see that becoming a doctor is in high demand because the American population is living longer and physicians are needed to care for the generations to come  and the ones that are still here who need geriatric care. Another positive component in obtaining a medical degree is because she is a woman; she can be a pioneer of new cures and advancements as it related to terminal illnesses. The concerning questions is what are the best places to practice medicine? According to PR Newswire, â€Å"The Best Places to Practice Medicine are Idaho, Alabama, Texas, Nevada, and South Carolina. The metrics that were used in determining which plac e is best were: low density of practicing physicians per capita, medical malpractice insurance, low rate disciplinary actions, cost of living and tax burden. However, the article also stated that physicians must determine what is most important to them and their family in deciding where to practice medicine. To be or not to be is the question; yes becoming a physician is economically sound and wise because through the theory of supply and demand, physicians will be needed through eternity as long as there is human presence on this planet earth. References Lorin, J. (2013). Bloomberg. Medical School at $278,000 Means Even Bernanke Son Has Debt. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-11/medical-school-at-278-000-means-even-bernanke-son-carries-debt.html Chen, M., & Chevalier, J. A. (2012). Are Women Over investing in Education? Evidence from the Medical Profession. Journal Of Human Capital, 6(2), 124-149. Miqueo, C. (1999). Women and doctors in medicine. Lancet, 354SIV65. Dacre, J., & Shepherd, S. (2010). Women and medicine. Clinical Medicine, 10(6), 544-547. Illinois State University. Department of Economics. Profit Maximinzation. Retrieved from http://www.economics.illinoisstate.edu McFarland, F., Smith, J., West, A., & Rhoades, R. (2000). African American female physicians in South Carolina: role models and career satisfaction. Southern Medical Journal, 93(10), 982-985. Medical School Success (N.D.) Is Being a Doctor Worth It Financially? Not as Much as You May Think http://www.medicalschoolsuccess.com/is-being-a-doctor -worth-it-financially/ PR, N. (2012, October 12). The Best Places to Practice Medicine are Idaho, Alabama, Texas, Nevada, and South Carolina. PR Newswire US. R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick O’Brien, Hubbard, O’Brien. Economics. 4th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions, 2012. Pg. 20. VitalBook file. Bookshelf. Reyes, J. (2008). Gender Preference and Equilibrium in the Imperfectly Competitive Market for Physician Services. Eastern Economic Journal, 34(3), 325-346. doi:10.1057/palgrave.eej.9050033